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Aug. 2nd, 2005 06:19 pm![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
anhinga_anhinga- Вторник, второе августа (via
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lzh) - I wish I knew how this works:
(http://www.log-in.ru/dtSection/Galleries/?cat=6&dog=1701&hamster=1) - Clever:
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/02/science/02cell.html
"Most molecules in a cell are constantly being replaced but the DNA is not. All the carbon 14 in a cell's DNA is acquired on the cell's birth date, the day its parent cell divided. Hence the extent of carbon 14 enrichment could be used to figure out the cell's age, Dr. Frisen surmised. In practice, the method has to be performed on tissues, not individual cells, because not enough carbon 14 gets into any single cell to signal its age. Dr. Frisen then worked out a scale for converting carbon 14 enrichment into calendar dates by measuring the carbon 14 incorporated into individual tree rings in Swedish pine trees."
"It was a dispute over whether the cortex ever makes any new cells that got Dr. Frisen looking for a new way of figuring out how old human cells really are. Existing techniques depend on tagging DNA with chemicals but are far from perfect. Wondering if some natural tag might already be in place, Dr. Frisen recalled that the nuclear weapons tested above ground until 1963 had injected a pulse of radioactive carbon 14 into the atmosphere.
Breathed in by plants worldwide and eaten by animals and people, the carbon 14 gets incorporated into the DNA of cells each time the cell divides and the DNA is duplicated."
"Having validated the method with various tests, he and his colleagues have reported in the July 15 issue of Cell the results of their first tests with a few body tissues. Cells from the muscles of the ribs, taken from people in their late 30's, have an average age of 15.1 years, they say.
The epithelial cells that line the surface of the gut have a rough life and are known by other methods to last only five days. Ignoring these surface cells, the average age of those in the main body of the gut is 15.9 years, Dr. Frisen found.
The Karolinska team then turned to the brain, the renewal of whose cells has been a matter of much contention. Prevailing belief, by and large, is that the brain does not generate new neurons after its structure is complete, except in two specific regions, the olfactory bulb that mediates the sense of smell, and the hippocampus, where initial memories of faces and places are laid down.
This consensus view was challenged a few years ago by Elizabeth Gould of Princeton, who reported finding new neurons in the cerebral cortex, along with the elegant idea that each day's memories might be recorded in the neurons generated that day.
Dr. Frisen's method will enable all regions of the brain to be dated to see if any new neurons are generated. So far he has tested only cells from the visual cortex. He finds these are exactly the same age as the individual, showing that new neurons are not generated after birth in this region of the cerebral cortex, or at least not in significant numbers. Cells of the cerebellum are slightly younger than those of the cortex, which fits with the idea that the cerebellum continues developing after birth."
"As for the liver, the detoxifier of all the natural plant poisons and drugs that pass a person's lips, its life on the chemical-warfare front is quite short. An adult human liver probably has a turnover time of 300 to 500 days, said Markus Grompe, an expert on the liver's stem cells at the Oregon Health & Science University.
Other tissues have lifetimes measured in years, not days, but are still far from permanent. Even the bones endure nonstop makeover. The entire human skeleton is thought to be replaced every 10 years or so in adults, as twin construction crews of bone-dissolving and bone-rebuilding cells combine to remodel it.
About the only pieces of the body that last a lifetime, on present evidence, seem to be the neurons of the cerebral cortex, the inner lens cells of the eye and perhaps the muscle cells of the heart. The inner lens cells form in the embryo and then lapse into such inertness for the rest of their owner's lifetime that they dispense altogether with their nucleus and other cellular organelles."
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The inner working of the illusion
Date: 2005-08-03 12:41 am (UTC)no subject
Date: 2005-08-03 03:05 am (UTC)no subject
Date: 2005-08-03 04:27 am (UTC)(ЖЖ глючит --- комментарий не могу увидеть в броузере, а ответить могу; может, после ответа увижу...)
no subject
Date: 2005-08-03 04:08 pm (UTC)1. Известно, что реаккомодация происходит несколько раз в секунду.
2. Лично у меня иллюзия вращения - не плавная, а мелкими рывками тоже несколько раз в секунду.
3. Также известно (каждому близорукому), что нерезкие изображения кажутся больше в размерах, чем резкие. Они, собственно, и на сетчатке должны быть больше.
4. Кольца из стрелочек слегка повернуты по отношению друг к другу.
Из этого можно сделать вывод, что при реаккомодации "формирователю сцены" проще свести изображение воедино с помощью предположения о повороте и считать самые мелкие стрелочки погрешностью аккомодации, чем удержать все пять колец.
no subject
Date: 2005-08-03 05:11 pm (UTC)У тебя тоже так?
no subject
Date: 2005-08-03 06:15 pm (UTC)no subject
Date: 2005-08-03 07:14 pm (UTC)no subject
Date: 2005-08-03 08:47 pm (UTC)no subject
Date: 2005-08-06 04:28 pm (UTC)I get the feel that it "almost wants to rotate", but does not...
no subject
Date: 2005-08-07 05:31 pm (UTC)Интересно попробовать, что будет, если желтый и голубой поменять местами, или если взять красный и зеленый. Мне представляется, что иллюзии не будет.
no subject
Date: 2005-08-03 08:20 am (UTC)no subject
Date: 2005-08-25 06:52 pm (UTC)Off topic
Date: 2005-08-08 07:18 pm (UTC)http://www.livejournal.com/users/maria_d/357025.html
no subject
Date: 2005-09-24 11:14 am (UTC)На самом деле, тут сразу много модальностей смешано, люди стараются заниматься
физиологией гораздо более простых иллюзий. Например, "the wagon-wheel illusion",
которая известна как стробоскопический эффект видимости обратного вращения, но
самое интересное, что он присутствует и при непрерывном свете:
Tim Andrews and Dale Purves "The wagon-wheel illusion in continuous light"
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol.9, I.6 , June 2005, Pp. 261-263
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.04.004
В простейшем объяснении, области V1, V2 отвечают за захват (распознавание)
низкоуровневых статических features, в то время как V3...MT/MST (с задержкой)
за motion flow. Top-down influences from V3/5 корректируют преднастройку V2
с задержкой в десятки миллисекунд и из-за этой петли есть разные фазы
"полуслепоты" V2, этот уровень возвращает картинку V3/5 периодически и
период не совпадает с периодом спиц колеса. Далее, есть еще top-down influences
от высших темпоральных областей (STS) с петлей в сотни миллисекунд. Это
влияние приводит к периодическому скачку фазы до 90 градусов или, иногда,
к смене направления кажущегося вращения. Времена задержек подтверждаются
экспериментами с TMS на этих областях (см. ссылки к статье).
В случае этой картинки, видимо, строение деталей, распознаваемых V2,
провоцирует в V3 "вероятное движение" и соответственно, top-down обратную
коррекцию на него или же коррекция происходит в V2 автоматически на основании
деталей и V3 получает сразу вслед за первичным откорректированое изображение,
распознает как движение и посылает вниз свою коррекцию на движение. В любом
случае, именно временная задержка этой top-down петли создает иллюзию.
Привет!
no subject
Date: 2005-09-24 11:27 pm (UTC)